4 Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland 2024

In Maryland, known as the “Free State,” Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are playing integral roles in providing comprehensive healthcare services. The state currently employs 3,540 NPs, with an anticipated need for 5,820 new NPs by 2030. With Full Practice authority and comprehensive prescriptive powers, NPs in Maryland are well-positioned to address critical healthcare challenges such as patient care access in rural communities and chronic disease management.

1. Educational Requirements: NPs in Maryland begin their journey with an RN license, which paves the way for them to earn a Master’s or Doctoral degree from an accredited nursing program. These advanced education paths often offer specializations, preparing them for addressing specific healthcare needs.
2. Licensure and Certification: Following their education, prospective NPs in Maryland must obtain a state license from the Maryland Board of Nursing and earn a national certification in their chosen specialization. These credentials confirm their readiness to provide comprehensive, high-quality healthcare.
3. Scope of Practice: Maryland operates under a Full Practice model, allowing NPs to provide a wide range of healthcare services independently. This independence allows NPs to be primarily responsible for patient care, especially in areas underserved by physicians.
4. Prescriptive Authority: Maryland NPs enjoy comprehensive prescriptive authority, enabling them to prescribe medications, including controlled substances, independently. This boosts their ability to manage complete patient care agendas and deliver effective treatment plans.
5. Employment and Salary Statistics: Maryland is home to 2% of the nation’s NPs who earn an average of $115,700 annually. These figures highlight the state’s recognition of the critical role NPs play in its healthcare structure.
6. Job Outlook: With a projected increase of 420 new NPs each year until 2030, the job landscape in Maryland is promising. This consistent demand underlines the state’s commitment to maintaining strong healthcare provision.
7. Regulatory Body: The Maryland Board of Nursing is the regulatory body overseeing NP practices in the state. It ensures high practice standards, issues licenses, and maintains professional integrity.

The future is bright for NPs in Maryland. The state’s Full Practice model and comprehensive prescriptive authority provide NPs with significant professional autonomy, allowing them to make a profound impact on patient care. With a healthy job outlook and competitive salaries, NPs in Maryland are well positioned to take on the state’s healthcare challenges. For those eager to make a significant difference in healthcare, the “Free State” offers a promising landscape.

Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland

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#3 in Maryland

#4 in Maryland

See our Ranking Methodology

Eight Steps to Become a Nurse Practitioner in Maryland

1. Earn an RN Degree: Start by obtaining your RN degree through an ADN or BSN program from an accredited university. Accreditation by the ACEN or CCNE ensures that your course credits will be accepted by Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland.
2. Pass the NCLEX-RN Exam: Prepare for and successfully pass the NCLEX-RN exam, which is required to obtain your RN licensure.
3. Earn Your MSN or DNP: Pursue either a Master’s of Science in Nursing (MSN) or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree to become an NP. MSN programs typically take around 2 years, while DNP programs require about 4 years. Choose a population focus area, such as gerontology, family, or neonatal, when enrolling in your program.
4. Complete Supervised Clinical Hours: Depending on your chosen population focus, you will need to complete between 500-600 clinical hours for an MSN program or 1000 hours for a DNP program.
5. Become Board Certified: Obtain board certification from the appropriate certifying body based on your population focus area:
   • National Certification Corporation: For Women’s health and neonatal NPs.
   • The American Academy of Nurse Practitioners: For family and adult-gerontology NPs.
   • The American Association of Critical Care Nurses: For adult-gerontology NPs.
   • The American Nurses Credentialing Center: For adult-gerontology, family, psychiatric mental health, and pediatric NPs.
   • Pediatric Nursing Certification Board: For pediatric NPs.
6. Obtain Licensure: Initiate contact with the Maryland State Board of Nursing for acquiring your NP license.
7. Obtain a DEA Number: Prescribing medications in Maryland requires a DEA registration. The process begins with applying for your free NPI number via the NPPES website. With your NPI number, proceed to apply for your State Controlled Substances Authority for Maryland through the Maryland Board of Pharmacy. The final step involves applying for your DEA registration via the DEA Diversion Control Division.
8. Maintain Active Certification and Licensure: The certifying organization along with the Maryland Board of Nursing will disclose the fine details on maintaining your certification. Necessary undertakings usually involve completing CE Credits in Maryland, practicing clinically

Online NP Programs Accepting Maryland Applicants

If you are currently an RN, the following schools are currently accepting Maryland students into their online Nurse Practitioner (NP) programs, providing flexible learning options to accommodate your busy schedule.

How Long Does it Take to Become a Nurse Practitioner in Maryland

How much time it takes to become a Nurse Practitioner in Maryland really depends on your background. Depending on the path you take it will be 2 to 4 years of education before you can become a Certified Nurse Practitioner. If you’re already an RN it can take as little as 2 years by earning your MSN. If you are not an RN some direct entry programs are as short as 2 years as well. If you already have your MSN but are not an NP you can do a DNP program in 2-3 years and become and NP while also earning your doctorate.

Here are examples of how long it will take you to become an NP depending on what degree you are starting with:

Starting Degree	How Many Years to Become an NP
Associate’s Degree in Nursing (ADN)	2 – 3 years
Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing (BSN)	2 years
Bachelor’s in a non-nursing field	2 – 3 years
Master’s Degree in Nursing (MSN)	1 – 2 years

Nurse Practitioner Bridge Programs in Maryland

Registered Nurse (RN) to Nurse Practitioner

The RN to Nurse Practitioner pathway involves a rigorous curriculum that can take two to four years to complete, depending on the program and whether the student is part-time or full-time. It allows RNs to advance their careers by obtaining a higher level of nursing education and training.

• Requirements:
  • Active RN license in Maryland
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Completion of prerequisites such as statistics, anatomy, and physiology
  • Certain number of supervised clinical hours, depending on the program
  • Typical duration: 2-4 years, based on University of Maryland

BSN to Nurse Practitioner

For RNs with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), Nurse Practitioner programs in Maryland provide a Master’s degree level education, typically taking around two years to complete full-time.

• Requirements:
  • Active RN license in Maryland
  • BSN degree
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Supervised clinical hours as per the program’s guidelines
  • Typical duration: 2 years, according to the Johns Hopkins University

MSN to Nurse Practitioner

MSN to NP programs are designed for nurses who already have a Master’s degree in nursing. This transition typically takes one to two years.

• Requirements:
  • Active RN license in Maryland
  • MSN degree
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • A specified number of supervised clinical hours, depending on the program
  • Typical duration: 1-2 years, per Salisbury University

Direct Entry MSN Nurse Practitioner

These programs allow individuals with non-nursing bachelor’s degrees to enter the nursing field at a more advanced level. These intensive programs typically last two to three years.

• Requirements:
  • Bachelor’s degree in a non-nursing field
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Prerequisites such as statistics, anatomy, and physiology
  • Supervised clinical hours as determined by the program
  • Typical duration: 2-3 years, following Notre Dame of Maryland University

BSN to DNP Nurse Practitioner Program

The BSN to DNP pathway takes four to six years to complete and equips nurses with the highest level of nursing education.

• Requirements:
  • Active RN license in Maryland
  • BSN degree
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Several hundred supervised clinical hours, based on the program
  • Typical duration: 4-6 years, considering University of Maryland

MSN to DNP Nurse Practitioner

These programs, designed for nurses with an MSN, lead to a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree. These programs usually take two to three years to complete.

• Requirements:
  • Active RN license in Maryland
  • MSN degree
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Several hundred supervised clinical hours, depending on the program
  • Typical duration: 2-3 years, as at Johns Hopkins University

Post-Master’s Certification Nurse Practitioner

Post-master’s certification programs are designed for NPs looking to specialize in a different area of nursing. These programs usually last one to two years.

• Requirements:
• Active RN license in Maryland
  • MSN or DNP degree
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Supervised clinical hours as per the program’s guidelines
  • Typical duration: 1-2 years, per Salisbury University

Online Nurse Practitioner Programs

Online NP programs offer flexibility for working nurses and can be completed in two to four years. Maryland accepts students from accredited online programs.

• Requirements:
  • Active RN license in Maryland
  • BSN or MSN degree, depending on the program
  • Minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Supervised clinical hours, based on the program’s guidelines
  • Typical duration: 2-4 years, following Georgetown University’s online program

Table of Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland

Maryland has four distinct Nurse Practitioner programs, each offering unique benefits to prospective students. The University of Maryland School of Nursing offers MSN and DNP programs, providing students with a robust curriculum and access to state-of-the-art simulation labs.

Johns Hopkins University also offers an MSN program, renowned for its rigorous academic standards and distinguished faculty. Finally, Coppin State University’s Family Nurse Practitioner program focuses on primary care skills, while Salisbury University’s MSN-Nurse Practitioner program emphasizes rural health care delivery.

University	Offered as	City/State
Coppin State University	Campus	Baltimore, MD
Johns Hopkins University	Campus, Hybrid, Online	Baltimore, MD
Salisbury University	Campus, Hybrid	Salisbury, MD
University of Maryland-Baltimore	Campus, Hybrid, Online	Baltimore, MD

Online Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland

Admission Process and Timeline for Online Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland

The admission process for online Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland typically follows a yearly cycle. Prospective students start by submitting an application, usually between winter and spring. Specific timelines vary by school, but here’s a general breakdown:

• December to January: Application portal opens. Candidates should prepare their applications during this period. This includes gathering transcripts, writing personal statements, and arranging letters of recommendation.
• February to March: Application deadline. Most programs require the application to be submitted by this period.
• April to May: Interviews take place. Not all programs require interviews, but for those that do, this is usually when they happen.
• June to July: Admission decisions are released. Candidates will be notified of their admission status during this time.
• August to September: Enrollment for admitted students. Those accepted into the program start their coursework in the fall semester.

Program Length and Time to Completion

The duration of online Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland depends on the entry-level degree of the student and the pace at which they choose to study. Here’s a general guideline:

• Registered Nurse (RN) to Nurse Practitioner: This pathway typically takes around 3 to 4 years to complete.
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) to Nurse Practitioner: These programs generally last about 2 to 3 years.
• Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) to Nurse Practitioner: Students pursuing this path can expect to complete their studies in 1 to 2 years.

Note that these are average timelines for full-time students. Part-time students may take longer to complete their degrees. Always check with the specific program for the most accurate timelines and requirements.

Where Do Nurse Practitioners Typically Work?

As an NP the world is at your fingertips. You can work in a variety of settings and will have the flexibility throughout your career to change it up. Here are some examples of where you may work.

• Adult Gerontology Acute Care NP: Cardiology,  neurology, emergency departments, intensive care units, medical surgical units, military settings, and more.
• Adult Gerontology Primary Care NP: primary care clinics, nursing homes, correctional facilities, college health, occupational health, military settings, and more.
• Family NP: Primary care clinics, community health, urgent care, college health, occupational health,  military settings, dermatology, shelters, and more.
• Neonatal NP: neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), emergency departments, labor and delivery units, and more.
• Pediatric Acute Care NP: Emergency departments, specialty units in children’s hospitals, urgent care.
• Pediatric Primary Care NP: community health centers, schools, children’s hospitals, private practices.
• Psychiatric Mental Health NP: outpatient therapy, inpatient psychiatric units, partial hospitalization units, nursing homes, and more.
• Women’s Health NP: Community health centers, women’s prisons, private practices, urogynecology practices, adolescent health, and more.

Where Nurse Practitioners Work in Maryland

As graduates of Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland, NPs have numerous opportunities for employment across the state. Below are some of the places where they can provide their expertise:

Hospitals and Medical Centers

These are comprehensive healthcare facilities providing a variety of services. NPs can specialize in areas like emergency medicine, pediatrics, and more.

• Johns Hopkins Hospital
• University of Maryland Medical Center
• MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center
• Mercy Medical Center
• Holy Cross Hospital

Outpatient Clinics and Urgent Care Centers

NPs work in these fast-paced environments providing immediate care for non-life-threatening conditions.

• Patient First
• Righttime Medical Care
• MedStar PromptCare
• ExpressCare
• Concentra Urgent Care

Private Practices and Specialty Clinics

In these settings, NPs often work in a specific area of healthcare like dermatology, women’s health, or family medicine.

• Maryland Primary Care Physicians
• The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics
• Capital Digestive Care
• Potomac Urology
• Maryland Eye Associates

Community Health Centers and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs)

These centers provide comprehensive health services to underserved populations. NPs play a crucial role in providing accessible care.

• Chase Brexton Health Care
• Total Health Care
• Family Health Centers of Baltimore
• Park West Health System
• Community Clinic, Inc.

Long-Term Care Facilities and Nursing Homes

NPs provide primary care, manage chronic illnesses, and perform routine check-ups for residents in these facilities.

• FutureCare
• Genesis Healthcare
• Lorien Health Services
• Charlestown Community
• Brightview Senior Living

Academic Institutions and Universities

NPs can work as faculty, teach nursing students, conduct research, and even provide healthcare services in university clinics.

• Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
• University of Maryland School of Nursing
• Towson University Department of Nursing
• Salisbury University Department of Nursing
• [Coppin State University College of Health Professions](https://www.coppin.edu/info

/200735/)

Government and Military Facilities

These institutions offer roles in policy-making, research, and direct patient care. Opportunities for NPs exist in local health departments, military bases, and VA hospitals.

• Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
• Fort Meade Army Base
• Baltimore VA Medical Center
• Maryland Department of Health
• Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services

Home Health Care Agencies

NPs visit patients at home to provide medical care, often serving those who are homebound or have difficulty traveling.

• HomeCall
• Professional Healthcare Resources
• HomeCentris Healthcare
• BAYADA Home Health Care
• Visiting Angels

Nurse Practitioner Types by Primary Certification

Certification	Percent of NPs
Family Nurse Practitioner	69.7
Adult Care	10.8
Adult–Gerontology Primary Care	7.0
Psychiatric/Mental Health	4.7
Acute Care	4.1
Pediatrics–Primary Care	3.2
Adult–Gerontology Acute Care	2.9
Women’s Health	2.9
Adult-Gerontology Primary Care	1.8
Neonatal	1.0
Pediatrics–Acute Care	0.7

Campus and Online Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland

University	Offered as	City/State
Coppin State University	Campus	Baltimore, MD
Johns Hopkins University	Campus, Hybrid, Online	Baltimore, MD
Salisbury University	Campus, Hybrid	Salisbury, MD
University of Maryland-Baltimore	Campus, Hybrid, Online	Baltimore, MD

What Do Nurse Practitioners Study in Maryland?

Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland offer a comprehensive curriculum to equip aspiring NPs with the necessary skills and knowledge. Typical courses in a Maryland NP program include:

• Advanced Pharmacology: Explores drug classifications, principles of drug actions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Nurses learn to manage drug therapy for patients across the lifespan.
• Health Assessment: Develops skills in complete health assessments, including history taking and physical examination. It emphasizes holistic and culturally sensitive care.
• Pathophysiology: Covers the physiological changes that occur in the human body due to diseases. It forms the basis for clinical decision making and therapeutic interventions.
• Health Promotion: Teaches the principles and theories of health promotion and disease prevention. It focuses on developing strategies for health advocacy.
• Primary Care of Adults: Covers the diagnosis and management of common health problems in adults. It emphasizes evidence-based practice and patient education.
• Primary Care of Children: Prepares nurses for providing comprehensive care to children, including health promotion, disease prevention, and management of common pediatric illnesses.
• Research Methods: Offers an understanding of the research process and evidence-based practice. It helps nurses develop the skills to critique research articles and apply findings to practice.
• Healthcare Policy: Discusses the impact of healthcare policies on patient care and the nursing profession. It also explores the nurse’s role in influencing policy making.
• Professional Role Development: Covers the roles and responsibilities of the NP, ethical considerations, and collaborative practice. It prepares nurses for transition to the NP role.
• Special Topics in Nursing: Allows exploration of current trends and issues in nursing. The content varies based on current healthcare scenarios and advancements in nursing practice.

One of the notable institutions offering these courses is the University of Maryland School of Nursing, known for its high-quality Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland.

Nurse Practitioner Program Costs in Maryland

Considering a career as a nurse practitioner? One of the first steps is enrolling in one of the Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland. The cost of these programs can vary widely, depending on factors such as the school, program length and whether you are a resident or non-resident.

For instance, the University of Maryland School of Nursing offers both MSN and DNP programs for prospective Nurse Practitioners. The tuition for these programs for the 2022-2023 academic year is as follows:

• MSN Program: $824 per credit hour for in-state students and $1,221 per credit hour for out-of-state students.
• DNP Program: $904 per credit hour for in-state students and $1,301 per credit hour for out-of-state students.

More information on these programs can be found on the University of Maryland School of Nursing website.

At Johns Hopkins University, a private institution, the cost is higher. For their MSN (Entry Into Nursing) program, tuition is set at $1,772 per credit for the 2022-2023 academic year.

Detailed information about this program can be found on the Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing website.

Here’s a snapshot of these costs:

School	In-State Tuition (per credit)	Out-of-State Tuition (per credit)
University of Maryland	$824 (MSN), $904 (DNP)	$1,221 (MSN), $1,301 (DNP)
Johns Hopkins University	$1,772 (MSN)	$1,772 (MSN)

Remember that tuition isn’t the only cost associated with Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland. Additional costs may include:

• Books and supplies
• Room and board
• Personal expenses
• Transportation

When considering which program to choose, it’s important to factor in all these costs to make an informed decision.

To help offset the cost of becoming an NP you can apply for scholarships and/or loan forgiveness programs. Here are a few examples.

• Public Service Loan Forgiveness
• Individual Hospital Repayment Programs
• Perkins Loan Cancellation
• Military Programs
• Nurse Corps Loan Forgiveness

Scholarships outside of the school you are applying to are not as common for NP programs as they are for BSN programs, but our Nursing School  and Scholarship guide  can help you figure out additional ways to offset costs.

10 Maryland Nurse Practitioner Scholarships

Scholarships are a vital resource for aspiring Nurse Practitioners in Maryland. These opportunities can significantly reduce the financial burden associated with pursuing advanced nursing education. Here are ten scholarships specifically for Maryland nurses:

• Maryland Graduate Nursing Scholarships: This scholarship provides up to $5,000 annually to Maryland residents enrolled in an accredited Maryland postgraduate/doctoral nurse program. Deadline: July.
• Workforce Shortage Student Assistance Grant Program: Awards are based on the financial need of Maryland students enrolled in careers with skills shortages. Nursing is included. Deadline: July.
• Maryland Nursing Scholarship: This scholarship supports nursing students who commit to working in Maryland after graduation. The award varies. Deadline: July.
• Hal and Jo Cohen Graduate Nursing Faculty Scholarship: This program grants funds to future nursing educators in Maryland. Award: Tuition and fees. Deadline: July.
• NBNA Scholarship Program: The National Black Nurses Association offers various scholarships to members, with awards ranging from $1,000 to $6,000. Deadline: April.
• Promise of Nursing Regional Faculty Fellowship: Offered by the Foundation of the National Student Nurses’ Association, this scholarship is for graduate nursing students intending to educate future nurses. Award: $1,000 to $7,500. Deadline: May.
• American Association of Colleges of Nursing Scholarships: Several scholarships are available for graduate nursing students, including those from Maryland. Deadlines and amounts vary.
• NURSE Corps Scholarship Program: This program covers tuition, fees, and other educational costs in exchange for a commitment to work in a Critical Shortage Facility upon graduation. Deadline: May.
• American Nurses Association Scholarship: This program offers scholarships to ANA members who are pursuing a degree in nursing. The award varies. Deadline: Varies.
• Maryland Hospital Association Health Scholarship: This scholarship awards $2,000 to a Maryland resident pursuing a degree in a health-related field. Deadline: April.

The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) should be the first step in securing financial aid. It opens the door to federal, state, and school aid, including grants, loans, and work-study opportunities, alongside private and public scholarships. Every Nurse Practitioner in Maryland should consider completing the FAFSA to maximize their financial aid opportunities.

Nurse Practitioner Salaries in Maryland

Salaries can vary significantly depending on the type of Nurse Practitioner. For instance, Family Nurse Practitioners in Maryland earn an average of $121,000 annually. Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, on the other hand, make an average of $119,000 per year. Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners typically earn around $123,000 per year in this state.

In addition to the base salary, a Nurse Practitioner in Maryland may also enjoy various non-salary benefits including:

• Health Insurance
• Retirement plans
• Paid time off
• Continuing education stipends
• Malpractice insurance coverage

For a detailed breakdown of salaries by specialty and location, refer to the full 2023 Nurse Practitioner Salary Report.

Nurse Practitioner Type	Average Annual Salary
Family Nurse Practitioner	$121,000
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner	$119,000
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner	$123,000

While salaries are a significant consideration for any nurse practitioner in Maryland considering their career options, remember that non-salary benefits can also add significant value to your compensation package.

Using data from US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, US Department of Education and other sources, we’ve complied a comprehensive Maryland nurse practitioner salary report for 2023. Find an overview and a link to the full report below.

• The number of Nurse Practitioners currently employed in Maryland is 7,160.
• Nurse Practitioners in Maryland earn an average of $120,470 per year or $57.92 per hour.
• The percentage of U.S. Nurse Practitioners who work in Maryland is 3%.
• Maryland will need 12,090 new Nurse Practitioners by 2030 or 900 new nurses per year.

Using the combined data of tens-of-thousands of NP salary surveys, the data from the U.S. Department of Education, get the detailed Salary and Employment report below.

Campus and Online Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland

University	Offered as	City/State
Coppin State University	Campus	Baltimore, MD
Johns Hopkins University	Campus, Hybrid, Online	Baltimore, MD
Salisbury University	Campus, Hybrid	Salisbury, MD
University of Maryland-Baltimore	Campus, Hybrid, Online	Baltimore, MD

Source: American Association of Nurse Practitioners

Maryland Organizations for Nurse Practitioner

Resources for Nurse Practitioner in Maryland

To complement your learning journey, we have compiled a list of essential resources catering to Nurse Practitioner students in Maryland. These tools offer a range of supports from program selection to job search.

• Maryland Board of Nursing: This organization regulates the practice of nursing in the state. It issues licenses, sets educational standards, and addresses grievances related to practice.
• American Association of Nurse Practitioners: This national organization supports Nurse Practitioners through advocacy, research, and continuing education opportunities.
• Nurse Practitioner Programs in Your State: This comprehensive guide helps create a pathway to becoming a Nurse Practitioner in Maryland. It offers details about accredited programs, entrance requirements, and career prospects.
• Maryland Association of Nurse Anesthetists: An association providing resources for those with a specific interest in the field of anesthesia, offering networking, educational events, and advocacy information.
• **[Nursing Jobs in Maryland](https
• ://www.nursingjobs.org/maryland)**: From job listings to career advice, this website is a one-stop shop for all nursing-related job opportunities in Maryland.
• Maryland Nurses Association: A state agency that encourages the continual improvement of health standards and availability of health care services for all people in Maryland. They offer guidance, advocacy, and a variety of opportunities for professional growth.
• Maryland Higher Education Commission: This state agency directs planning, policy making, and quality assurance in post-secondary educational institutions. They offer financial aid programs for nursing students

Best Nurse Practitioner Programs Near Me

We identified the top nurse practitioner programs for you through rigorous research. These premier schools have a record of graduating career-ready nurses who positively impact lives. Starting with the program best fit for you puts purposeful, meaningful work within reach. Let us guide your first steps towards a future of healing hope.

Best Nurse Practitioner (NP) Methodology